Understand your numbers. Understand why they matter.

Helps estimate the number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles.

ApoB adds context about how many potentially harmful cholesterol-carrying particles are circulating—not simply how much cholesterol they contain.

A largely inherited lipoprotein associated with cardiovascular risk.

Lp(a) is not part of a standard lipid panel. Its meaning depends on overall cardiovascular risk and the rest of the clinical picture.

Measures cholesterol carried within LDL particles.

LDL-C is an important traditional measure, best interpreted alongside particle burden, triglycerides, blood pressure, metabolic health, and individual risk.

Measures cholesterol carried within HDL particles and contributes to the overall lipid profile.

Often called “good cholesterol,” higher HDL-C levels are generally associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, while lower levels may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. HDL-C is best interpreted alongside LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and your other cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.

A circulating form of fat relevant to metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Triglycerides can be influenced by insulin resistance, nutrition, alcohol, body composition, medication, and other health factors.

A blood marker that can detect low levels of inflammation in the body.

When interpreted appropriately, hs-CRP can provide additional information about cardiovascular risk. Because it can also rise with infection, injury, nutrient deficiencies, and other inflammatory conditions, an elevated result needs to be interpreted in context and is not specific to cardiovascular risk.

An amino acid influenced by nutrition, kidney function, genetics, and medication.

An elevated level may offer useful context, but the clinical question is why it is elevated—not simply how to lower the number.

Measures your blood glucose after a period without food, typically at least 8 hours.

It provides a snapshot of how your body is regulating blood sugar at that moment. Changes in glucose regulation can develop gradually, sometimes before fasting glucose becomes abnormal, which is why the result is most useful when interpreted alongside A1c, other metabolic markers, and your overall health.

Measures the percentage of hemoglobin in red blood cells that has glucose attached to it.

A1c provides an estimate of your average blood glucose over approximately the previous two to three months, with more recent blood glucose levels having a greater influence on the result. Unlike fasting glucose, which provides a snapshot at one point in time, A1c provides a longer-term view of blood sugar regulation and is commonly used to identify and monitor prediabetes and diabetes.

Measures the amount of insulin circulating in your blood after a period without food, typically at least 8 hours.

Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells where it can be used for energy. As insulin sensitivity declines, the body may produce more insulin to keep blood glucose within a normal range. Because of this, fasting insulin can sometimes provide additional information about metabolic health before changes are apparent in fasting glucose or A1c.

Can help estimate the body’s own insulin production.

C-peptide is generally used to answer a specific clinical question rather than as routine metabolic screening.

Measures the total testosterone circulating in the blood.

A single result does not establish testosterone deficiency or a need for treatment. Symptoms, repeat early-morning measurements, and potential causes matter.

Represents the fraction of testosterone not tightly bound to proteins.

Free testosterone may add context when total testosterone and binding proteins do not tell the complete story.

A protein that binds testosterone and other sex hormones.

SHBG can change how a total testosterone result should be interpreted.

A pituitary hormone that signals the testes to produce testosterone.

When testosterone is low, LH can help clarify whether the pattern may involve the testes or upstream hormonal signaling.

A pituitary hormone involved in reproductive function and sperm production.

FSH may be relevant when evaluating fertility or certain testosterone abnormalities.

A form of estrogen with important roles in men.

Estradiol may be evaluated in selected circumstances and should be interpreted alongside symptoms, testosterone, medication, and the broader clinical picture.

A pituitary hormone that can affect reproductive signaling.

In selected patients, prolactin can help evaluate an underlying hormonal or pituitary contributor.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

TSH is commonly used as the starting point for evaluating thyroid function. Higher or lower levels can provide clues that the thyroid may be underactive or overactive and help determine whether additional thyroid testing is appropriate.

Measures unbound thyroxine available to tissues.

Free T4 is commonly interpreted with TSH to provide a more complete view of thyroid function.

Measures the unbound portion of triiodothyronine, the more biologically active thyroid hormone.

Free T3 may provide additional information in selected clinical situations, particularly when evaluating suspected hyperthyroidism or when additional context is needed beyond TSH and free T4.

May be ordered when thyroid dysfunction is identified or an autoimmune thyroid condition is suspected.

These tests can help determine whether an autoimmune condition, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease, may be contributing to abnormal thyroid function.

Evaluates red cells, white cells, hemoglobin, platelets, and related measurements.

A CBC may provide clues about anemia, infection, and other conditions affecting energy or overall health.

Measures several markers related to kidney function and liver markers, electrolytes, blood glucose, and protein levels.

It provides a broad view of several important body systems and can help identify abnormalities that may require additional evaluation.

An estimate of how effectively the kidneys filter blood.

eGFR and urine albumin can provide complementary information about kidney health.

Can help identify persistent albumin in the urine.

An abnormal result may require repeat testing and should be interpreted alongside eGFR and the overall clinical picture.

Measures the primary circulating form of vitamin D and is used to assess vitamin D status.

Vitamin D plays an important role in bone health, muscle function, and several other physiologic processes, making deficiency important to recognize when present.

A nutrient important for blood-cell formation and neurologic function.

Low levels can contribute to anemia and neurologic symptoms and may provide context in selected evaluations.

May provide additional information about vitamin B12 status.

MMA can be helpful when B12 is borderline, but kidney function and other factors can affect interpretation.

Measures folate status, which is important for red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and normal cellular function.

Folate is also involved in homocysteine metabolism, so results may provide additional context when evaluating an elevated homocysteine level.

Reflects stored iron and can also change with inflammation or illness.

Ferritin is interpreted with the CBC, iron studies, symptoms, and clinical context.

Measurements such as serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation evaluate how iron is transported and available within the body.

Interpreted alongside ferritin and the CBC, they can help distinguish different patterns of iron deficiency, iron overload, and other abnormalities.

A mineral involved in nerve, muscle, cardiac, and metabolic function.

Blood magnesium can identify significant abnormalities, although it does not always reflect total-body stores.